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References

1
H. Lüth, `Surfaces and Interfaces of Solid Materials', Springer Study edition.

2
T. A. Delchar, and D. P. Woodruff, `Modern Techniques of Surface Science', Cambridge Solid State Science Series.

3
A. Zangwill, `Physics at Surfaces', Cambridge Univ. Press.

4
Martin Henzler and Wolfgang Göpel, `Oberflächenphysik des Festkörpers', Teubner Verlag.

5
M. C. Desjonqueres, D. Spanjaard, `Concepts in Surface Physics', Springer Series in Surface Sciences.

6
I just write down a few key-words from the very nice historical sketch found in Zangwill's book.

7
A very good reference for basic technical information are usually the catalogues provided by the vacuum companies (VG, Caburn, Varian, Thermionics and so on. A book of much use for the lab is: J.T. Yates, Experimental innovations in surface science: a guide to practical laboratory methods and instruments, Springer Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg 1997.

8
The image is taken from the Leybold catalogue.

9
N. D. Lang and W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. B 1,4555 (1970).

10
courtesy of L. Petersen et al.

11
N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, `Solid State Physics'

12
H. Ibach, `Solid State Physics', Springer
13
Zangwill s book and references therein.
14
U. Fano and J.W. Cooper, Rev. Mod. Phys. 40, 441 (1968).

15
D.A. Shirley, Adv. Chem. Phys. 23, 85, (1973).

16
A. Baraldi et al., Phys. Rev. B. 61, 4534 (2000).

17
C.D. Wagner et al., ``Handbook of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy'', Perkin Elmer Corp.

18
``Handbook of Auger electron spectroscopy'', Perkin Elmer Corp.
19
E. Zaremba and W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. B 15, 1769 (1977).

20
N.D. Lang and A.R. Williams Phys. Rev. B18, 616 (1978).

21
E. Wimmer, C.L. Fu and A.J. Freeman, Phys. Rev. Lett.55, 616 (1985).

22
J.E. Lennard-Jones, Trans. Farad. Soc. 28, 33 (1932).

23
King and Wells, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A339, 245 (1974).

24
Tamm and Schmidt, J. Chem. Phys. 54, 4775 (1971).

25
W.A. Brown, R. Kose and D.A. King, Chem. Reviews 98, 797 (1998).

26
G. A. Somorjai, `Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis'

27
S. Holloway and J. Nørskov, `Bonding at Surfaces', Liverpool University Press
28
R. Smoluchowski, Phys. Rev. 60, 661 (1941), M. W. Finnis and V. Heine, J. Phys. F 4, L37 (1974)

29
K. Christmann et al., Surf. Sci. 40, 61 (1973).

30
Ph. Hofmann et al., Phys. Rev. B 53, 13715 (1996).

31
K. Stampfl et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1532 (1992).

32
David Adams, private communication.

33
S.R. Parkin et al., Phys. Rev. B 41, 5432 (1990).

34
Takayanagi et al., J. Vac. Sci. Techn. A3, 1502 (1985).

35
H. Over et al., Phys. Rev. B 55, 4731 (1997).

36
M. Polcik et al., Phys. Rev. B 57, 1868 (1998).

37
D.A. Wesner, F.P. Coenen and H.P. Bonzel, Surf. Sci. 199, L419 (1988).

38
K.-U. Weiss, R. Dippel, K.-M. Schindler, P. Gardner, V. Fritzsche, A.M. Bradshaw, A.L.D. Kilcoyne and D.P. Woodruff, Phys. Ref. Lett. 69, 3196 (1992).

39
J. K. Gimzewski et al., Phys. Rev. B 45 6844 (1992).

40
L. Olesen and F. Besenbacher, unpublished results.

41
J. V. Barth et al., Phys. Rev. B 42, 9307 (1990).

42
C. Klink et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 4350 (1993).

43
F. Besenbacher, Rep. Prog. Phys. 59, 1737 (1996).

44
R.M. Tromp et al., Phys. Rev. B 34, 1388 (1986).

45
A.W. Munz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2244 (1995).

46
M.R. Castell et al., Phys. Rev. B 55, 7859 (1997).

47
J. B. Pendry, `Low energy electron diffraction'.

48
M. van Hove and S. Y. Tong, `Low Energy Electron Diffraction', Springer.

49
G. Ertl, `Low energy electrons and surface chemistry'

50
D. P. Woodruff, `Photoelectron Diffraction' in `Angle-resolved photoemission', ed. S. D. Kevan, Elsevier.

51
R. Wiesendanger, `Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy', Cambridge University Press.

52
K. Besocke, B. Kraul-Urban, H. Wagner, Surf. Sci. 68, 39 (1977).

53
R. Blaszczyszyn et al, Surf. Sci. 51, 396 (1975).

54
E.V. Chulkov, V.M. Silkin and E.N. Shirykalov, Surf. Sci. 188,287 (1987).

55
M.Y. Chou, P.K. Lam, M.L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. B 28,4179 (1983).

56
E.W. Plummer and T. Gustafsson, Science 198, 165 (1977).

57
S.D. Kevan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 50,526 (1983).

58
E. Jensen, R.A. Bartynski, T. Gustafsson, E.W. Plummer, M.Y. Chou, M.L. Cohen and G.B. Hoflund, Phys. Rev. B 30,5500 (1984).

59
E.W. Plummer and W. Eberhardt, Adv. Chem. Phys. 49, 533 (1982) and references therein.

60
F. Patthey et al., Phys. Rev. B 49,11293 (1994).

61
D. Purdie et al., Surf. Sci. 407,L671 (1998).

62
R.J. Smith et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 37, 1081 (1976).

63
F. Greuter, D. Heskett, E.W. Plummer and H.-J. Freund, Phys. Rev. B 27, 7117 (1983).

64
K.C. Pandey, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 1913 (1981).

65
F.J. Himpsel, Appl. Phys. A38, 205 (1985)

66
G.V. Hansson and R.I.G. Uhrberg in Angle-Resolved Photoemission, Theory and Current Applications, ed. S.D. Kevan, Elsevier 1992 and references therein.

67
S. Agergaard et al. New Journal of Physics 3, 15 (2001).

68
D.J. Chadi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 43 (1979).

69
F.J. Allend and G.W. Gobeli, Phys. Rev. 127, 152 (1962).

70
N. D. Lang and W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. B 3,1215 (1970).

71
S. D. Kevan (ed.) `Angle-Resolved Photoemission, Theory and Current Applications', Elsevier.

72
S. Hüfner, `Photoelectron Spectroscopy', Springer
73
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 344,453-467 (1993).

74
K. Stahrenberg, T. Herrmann, N. Esser, J. Sahm, W. Richter, S.V. Hoffmann and Ph. Hofmann Phys. Rev. 58, R10207 (1998).

75
L.E. Urbach et al., Phys. Rev. B 45,3769 (1992).

76
J. Hannon et al., Phys. Rev. B 53,2090 (1996).

77
H. Ibach, D. L. Mills, Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Surface Vibrations, Academic Press, New York 1982

78
N.V. Richardson and A.M. Bradshaw, Surf. Sci. 88, 255 (1979).

79
Ismail, private communication.

80
W. Ho et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 1463 (1978).

81
M. Schulze, PhD thesis, University of Hannover 1988.

82
S. Lehwald and H. Ibach, Surf. Sci. 89, 425 (1979).

83
J. B. Hannon, E. J. Mele and E. W. Plummer, Phys. Rev. B 53,2090 (1996).

84
A. P. Baddorf and E. W. Plummer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66,2770 (1991).

85
H. Kuzmany, `Festkörperspektroskopie', Springer 1990.

86
Y. Chabal et al., J. Electron Spectr. Rel. Phen., 29, 35 (1983).

87
B.E. Hayden et al. Surf. Sci. 149, 394 (1985).

88
J.P. Toennies, Physica Scripta Volume T19A, 39 (1987).

89
A.M. Lahee et al, Surf. Sci. 177, 147 (1986).

90
B.C. Stipe et al., Science, 280, 1732 (1998).

91
Y.J. Chabal, Surf. Sci. Rep. 8, 211 (1988).


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